Simplified Macro Modelling Approaches Simulating In-plane and Out-of-plane Interaction of Masonry-infilled Frames: A Review

Abstract

The construction of masonry-infilled frame structures is a common practice globally, and they exhibit higher seismic vulnerability due to their complicated non-linear behaviour. The brittle behaviour displayed by the masonry infill walls can enhance the seismic vulnerability of the structure globally and locally, leading to damages, casualties, and economic losses. Earlier, the masonry infill walls were considered as non-structural elements, and their contribution to the structural response was neglected. However, numerous researchers are currently conducting experimental and numerical investigations to simulate the in-plane and out-of-plane interaction of the masonry infill walls against seismic actions. In this matter, it is crucial to identify the most appropriate numerical modelling method to simulate the cyclic response of the masonry infills with their interaction with the surrounding frame. Hence, this paper reviews the recently developed simplified macro-modelling approaches simulating in-plane and out-of-plane interaction of masonry infilled frames. Ten available equivalent strut models in the literature are selected as representative simplified macro-modelling approaches, and each model's key features are discussed with a comparison of their accuracy and level of complexity. Most of these macro-modelling approaches can provide proper estimations for stiffness and strength degradations under both in-plane and out-of-plane responses, considering the arching mechanism and the element removal mechanism of the masonry infill panel. At the same time, there are some drawbacks and opportunities for future modifications in these modelling approaches. The major limitation is that the developed strut modelling approaches can only be applied to solid masonry infills, replicating in-plane and out-of-plane interactions. Additionally, multiple studies reveal that the available data is limited for complete model validations. Hence, further investigations on both the numerical and experimental sides are suggested.