Abstract:
The increasing use of plastic nursery containers has raised environmental concerns
due to their non-biodegradable nature, while large quantities of eggshell waste remain
underutilized. This study aimed to develop and evaluate biodegradable
nursery cups using eggshell waste reinforced with natural fibers and a biopolymer
binder as an alternative to plastic nursery containers. Eggshells were cleaned, sterilized
by boiling for 15–20 minutes, dried, and ground into fine powder. Coconut
(Cocos nucifera) coir and banana (Musa sp.) fibers were treated with 5% NaOH
and cut into 2–5 mm lengths. A biopolymer matrix was prepared by dissolving
gelatin in hot water with glycerin as a plasticizer. Composite mixtures were
molded into nursery cups and air-dried for 24–48 h. Four treatments were formulated
based on eggshell-to-gelatin ratio and fiber type: T1 (Eggshell + Gelatin +
Coconut fiber, 3:1), T2 (Eggshell + Gelatin + Coconut fiber, 4:1), T3 (Eggshell
+ Gelatin + Banana fiber, 3:1), and T4 (Eggshell + Gelatin + Banana fiber,
4:1). The cups were evaluated for thickness, weight, water absorption, biodegradability,
calcium release, and plant growth performance using chili seedlings, with
plastic and cocopeat pots as controls. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were
observed among treatments for physical, biodegradation, and plant growth parameters.
Among all treatments, T4 showed the best overall performance with
adequate mechanical stability, moderate water absorption, complete degradation
within approximately two months, and superior plant growth response. The gradual
release of calcium from eggshells enhanced soil nutrient availability without
leaving harmful residues. This study demonstrates that biodegradable nursery
cups can be successfully produced from eggshell waste combined with natural
fibers and gelatin binder. The T4 formulation is recommended as an environmentally
friendly alternative to plastic nursery containers, contributing to sustainable
waste utilization and reduced plastic pollution in horticulture.
