Abstract:
Kidney stone disease is a significant health issue in the world. More than
60% of kidney stones compose of CaC2O4.H2O and CaC2O4.2H2O. In this
study, the effect of aqueous Akkapana extract on the crystallization and the
dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals were investigated in supersaturated
and artificial urinary circumstances in order to understand the effect of
Akkapana extract on calcium oxalate kidney stone. Aqueous solutions of 8
mM CaCl2 and 125 mM Na2C2O4 were mixed to prepare the supersaturated
solutions. Akkapana extract was obtained by grinding leaf with deionized
water. Different volumes of the Akapana extract were separately added to
the prepared supersaturated solutions and artificial urinary solutions. The
pH of the solution was adjusted to 7.3 and the crystal deposition process
was monitored by UV-vis absorption and conductivity measurements. The
crystals formed were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA and redox
titrations. A kidney stone collected from a patient was also treated with
akkapana extracts. According to the analysis, Akkapana has an inhibition
effect in the supersaturation solution and in artificial urinary circumstances
showing 8% and 4% decrease in crystal deposition, respectively with 80
mL of Akkapana compared to positive control experiments. The proteins
present in the extract may be reducing the crystal aggregation thus
improving inhibition effect by attaching to the crystal surface and acting as
a barrier for further attachment. The dissolution effect of Akkapana is far
more superior to the inhibition effect. Akkapana treated sample showed
31% dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals, whereas the control experiment
under the same conditions, showed̴ approximately 18% dissolution. The
kidney stone of the patient showed ~18% dissolution with four 300 mL
washings of Akkapana extract. This could be due to strong binding of Ca2+
ions with the organic acids and amino acids present in Akkapana, and
forming water soluble complxes.
