Abstract:
Coastal areas are important for maintaining the ecological integrity of both marine and
terrestrial ecosystems but they are sensitive to both human activities and nature changes
(Dong et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2017). These areas are subject
to dramatic stress due to rapid population growth, as well as intensive industrial
aggregation and expansion. Environmental problems have arisen in coastal
environments from degraded water quality, resulting in highly undesirable conditions
that affect coastal ecosystem structures and functions. In this context, it is important to
develop sustainable socio-economics for coastal environmental issues and draft relevant
management policies (Ling et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2020). Therefore, shortterm
and/or long-term environmental and ecological monitoring networks have been
established in some coastal areas to evaluate environmental problems such as
eutrophication, heavy metal pollution, harmful algal blooms (HABs), microplastic, and
organic pollutants along with their biomagnifications. The measurement and analysis of
hydro-biogeochemical variables in the marine environment are helpful for a better
understanding of aquatic status (Wang et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2023). Coastal ecosystems
can also be affected by natural changes, including hurricanes, droughts, and floods.
Therefore, a better understanding of both natural and anthropogenic influences on
coastal ecosystems has paramount validity in coastal ecosystem management
and conservation.
