Prevalence and Causes of Pregnancy-related Anxiety in Low Middle-income Countries: A Review of Literature

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy-related Anxiety (PRA) has been described as a normal experience in the anticipation of childbirth. When the anxiety level becomes severe, it results in negative behavioural outcomes. It also increases the toll on the healthcare system. Studies have indicated that PRA is different from general anxiety and depression. Unfortunately, most research studies have focused on maternal depression, leaving a huge vacuum to study PRA. Further, in low middle-income countries (LMIC) there is a dearth of studies on the prevalence of PRA in LMIC. Objective: To identify the prevalence and causes of PRA among pregnant women in LMIC Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and SCOPUS from 2012- 2024. A descriptive literature review approach was employed to understand the prevalence of PRA among pregnant women in LMIC using 20 articles. Results: The overall prevalence of PRA in LMIC was 29.2% for antenatal and 24.4% for postnatal. Specifying to countries, India found a 55.7% prevalence, Tanzania found a 6.1% prevalence, Ethiopia found a 43.9% prevalence, and in Rwanda, 28.2% of symptoms were associated with anxiety. The increased financial burden, low socio-economic status, less social support, and stressful situations have been identified as the contributing factors to the PRA. Conclusion: Findings underscore the significant concern about PRA in LMIC. Several factors influence the prevalence of PRA, and the potential impact on mother and child is a pressing issue. This study highlights the necessity of screening for PRA and providing necessary intervention. Further research is strongly recommended to understand PRA in these regions better and develop effective interventions.